The paradox of gender inequity in democratic societies: Exploring systemic contradictions in pursuit of equality

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v14i6.4028

Keywords:

Gender-equity, Gender-inequity, discrimination, inequality, Democratic countries.

Abstract

In a country where gender inequity had been a factor that discriminated against women, many endeavors have been put up in attempts to balance both genders. The initiatives promoting gender equity seek to redress historical imbalances; they inadvertently perpetuate gender inequality due to systemic biases and societal resistance. However, a little too much has been done to the point where the discrimination has seemingly fallen on men. The study aimed to investigate the factors that cause gender inequity, from discriminating against women to discriminating against men. Formal legal rights do not always translate into substantive equality, particularly in areas such as wage equity, political representation, and reproductive autonomy. The study employed desktop comprehensive data to review existing literature from journal articles, Google Scholar sources, and government documents that align with the study. The data was analyzed through content analysis. The findings of this study concretized the public about the extent to which gender inequity is being ignored when it favors one gender over the other. The study further contributed to the ongoing discourse on gender issues and highlights the need for more effective strategies that address the roots of gender inequality in a democratic context. The implications suggest that achieving accurate gender equity in democracies requires more than legal reform; it demands structural transformation, inclusive policymaking, and cultural change.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Ashley, C. (2019). An Overview of Qualitative Research Methods. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/qualitative-research-methods-3026555

Berry, M. E., Bouka, Y., & Kamuru, M. M. (2021). Implementing Inclusion: Gender Quotas, Inequality, and Backlash in Kenya. Politics & Gender, 17(1), 111-139. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X19000886 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X19000886

Buchmann, C., & DiPrete, T. A. (2016). The growing female advantage in college completion: The role of family background and academic achievement. American Sociological Review, 81(2), 231-255. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122416632062

Cammett, M., & Luong, P. J. (2023). Gender Equality and Authoritarian Regimes: New Directions for Research. Politics & Gender, 19(2), 345-367. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X22000460 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X22000460

Cardenas, C. (2023). The Role of Political Institutions in Reducing Gender Inequality: A Global Perspective. Gender & Politics, 19(1), 89-104.

Celis, K., & Lovenduski, J. (2020). Gender and Representation in Democratic Politics. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788977098.00025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788977098.00025

Chattopadhyay, R., & Duflo, E. (2018). Women as Policy Makers: Evidence from a Randomized Policy Experiment in India. Econometrica, 86(2), 569-606. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0262.2004.00539.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0262.2004.00539.x

Connell, R. W. (2015). Masculinities (2nd ed.). University of California Press.

Kimmel, M. S. (2017). Angry White Men: American Masculinity at the End of an Era. Nation Books.

Council on Foreign Relations. (2024). Ailing Democracy and Declining Women's Representation: How They Are Related and What to Do About It. Retrieved from https://www.cfr.org/article/ailing-democracy-and-declining-womens-representation-how-they-are-related-and-what-do-about

Donno, D., & Kreft, A. K. (2023). International Rewards for Gender Equality Reforms in Autocracies. American Political Science Review, 117(1), 123-139.

Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (2019). Social Role Theory of Sex Differences: Implications for the Political Gender Gap. Psychological Review, 126(2), 135-161. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118663219.wbegss183 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118663219.wbegss183

Elson, D., Seth, A., & Women, U. (2019). Gender equality and inclusive growth: economic policies to achieve sustainable development. UN Women.

Engeli, I., & Mazur, A. (2020). Gender and Policy Change: What Have We Learned? European Political Science Review, 12(4), 567-582.

Fraser, N. (2021). The Crisis of Care: Gender, Capitalism, and Democracy. Critical Inquiry, 47(4), 1-20.

Gerson, J. (2013, March 21). Privately run shelter for male victims of domestic abuse forced to close its doors due to lack of funding. Nationalpost; National Post. https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/privately-run-shelter-for-male-victims-of-domestic-abuse-forced-to-close-its-doors-due-to-lack-of-funding

Hassan, M. (2022). Content Analysis - Methods, Guide, Examples. Research Method. https://researchmethod.net/content-analysis/

Hassan, M. (2023). Secondary Data - Types, Methods and Examples. Research Method. https://researchmethod.net/secondary-data/#google_vignette

Hearn, J., & Husu, L. (2016). Gender equality. The Wiley Blackwell encyclopedia of gender and sexuality studies (5 volumes, pp. 1-3). Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118663219.wbegss758 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118663219.wbegss758

Hochschild, A. R., & Machung, A. (2012). The second shift: Working families and the revolution at home. Penguin Books.

Htun, M., & Weldon, S. L. (2018). The logics of gender justice: State action on women's rights around the world. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108277891

Hughes, M., & Hwang, S. (2015). The effect of economic recession on the gender wage gap in democratic societies. Social Science Quarterly, 96(3), 689-703. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12173 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12173

Johnson, C., & Lee, D. (2021). Gender impartiality of public institutions, religiosity, and satisfaction with democracy. Democratization, 28(7), 1353-1372. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2021.1944600

Krause, K., & Liebig, S. (2022). Female political representation and the gender health gap: A cross-national analysis. European Journal of Public Health, 32(5), 684-690. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckac060 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckac122

Krook, M. L. (2021). Gender quotas and political representation: A global perspective. Comparative Politics, 53(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.5129/001041521X16097570781907

Makhubu, N. (2024, April). South Africa men five times more likely to commit suicide. IOL News. https://www.iol.co.za/sundayindependent/news/south-africa-men-five-times-more-likely-to-commit-suicide-bcf166ae-6729-432d-b6ef-1f786c91931f

Miller, A. R., & Segal, C. (2024). Women's political empowerment, economic development, and public health outcomes. Applied Economics, 56(12), 1345-1362. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2023.2261087

Norris, P. (2023). Gender equality and democratic participation: A cross-national analysis. International Political Science Review, 44(3), 234-250. https://doi.org/10.1177/01925121221075167

Nyimbili, F., & Nyimbili, L. (2024). Types of purposive sampling techniques with their examples and application in qualitative research studies. British Journal of Multidisciplinary and Advanced Studies, 5(1), 90-99. https://doi.org/10.37745/bjmas.2022.0419 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37745/bjmas.2022.0419

Otto, D. (2020). Gender and democratic citizenship: The impact of CEDAW. International Journal of Constitutional Law, 10(2), 512-530. https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/moaa060 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/mor068

Patel, M., & Patel, N. (2019). Exploring research methodology: Review article. International Journal of Research and Review, 6(3), 48-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351235105-3

Paxton, P., & Hughes, M. M. (2022). Women, politics, and power: A global perspective. SAGE Publications.

Risse, M., & Bell, D. (2020). Democracy and gender equity: A normative analysis. Ethics & International Affairs, 34(1), 45-61. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0892679420000210 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0892679420000040

Shair-Rosenfield, S., & Stoyan, A. (2018). Women's representation and authoritarian resilience. Journal of Politics, 80(3), 1015-1030. https://doi.org/10.1086/696148 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/696148

Smith, A., & Jones, B. (2022). Democracy, free elections, and gender equality as perceived by immigrants. Social Sciences, 11(11), 578. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11110578

Solt, F., & Wills, J. B. (2023). Explaining the 'democratic malaise' in unequal societies: Inequality, perceived efficacy, and political trust. European Journal of Political Research, 62(3), 678-695. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12419 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12419

Stanford University. (2016). Men, masculinity, and the persistent nature of gender inequality. The Clayman Institute for Gender Research. https://gender.stanford.edu/news/men-masculinity-and-persistent-nature-gender-inequality

Sullivan, O., & Gershuny, J. (2018). Gender convergence in domestic work: The role of social norms and policies. Social Politics, 25(4), 459-479. https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxy019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxy019

Waylen, G. (2021). Gender and governance in democratic transitions. Democratization, 28(5), 857-875. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2021.1884049

Young, I. M. (2019). Justice and the politics of difference. Princeton University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv19fvzzk.71

Downloads

Published

2025-08-13

How to Cite

Mbowane, T. P., Randima, L., & Rakgwata, P. A. (2025). The paradox of gender inequity in democratic societies: Exploring systemic contradictions in pursuit of equality. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478), 14(6), 270–277. https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v14i6.4028

Issue

Section

Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities & Social Sciences