Gender factor and organisational citizenship behaviour among academics in South Africa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v13i5.3497Keywords:
Gender, gender role, altruism, conscientiousness, sportsmanship, courtesy, civic virtueAbstract
A company cannot grow unless its employees engage in meaningful behaviours. Therefore, higher learning institutions must foster organisational citizenship behaviour. An educational institution's overall operations are impacted by it, which significantly affects institutions’ operations, enhances the effectiveness of educators, and has a favourable effect on students' academic performance. However, the behaviours that men and women are expected to exhibit and how their actions are perceived are both influenced by their gender. Based on the role theory as the theoretical framework, this study explored the differences between male and female respondents' exhibition of altruism, conscientiousness, sportsmanship, courtesy, and civic virtue among academics. 253 academics were chosen at random from a group of 405 participants using a convenience sampling strategy. Data were gathered using a structured questionnaire and analysed through descriptive, factor analysis, and the Mann-Whitney U test. The means showed that employees of this institution appeared to be good citizens displaying all five citizenship dimensions. Furthermore, factor analysis results reported the extraction of five components. Thereafter, the Mann-Whitney test revealed that there were no discernible differences between the organisational citizenship behaviour scores of male and female respondents across all dimensions. These findings create an awareness of the importance of organisational citizenship behaviour in higher learning institutions and give managers a better knowledge of these behaviours. This study advocates that leaders should foster a strong organisational culture that promotes the exhibition of these behaviours within the workplace to make it easier for them to offer assistance to students, and colleagues and advance institutions’ goals.
Downloads
References
Aftab, N., Shah, S.A.A. & Khan, Z. (2020). The moderating effect of gender on the relationship between organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior in Pakistani university teachers. Cogent Psychology, 7(1): 1-13. 1860480, DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2020.1860480 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2020.1860480
Akala, B. (2019). Intersecting Human Development, Social Justice and Gender Equity: A Capability Option. Education as Change, 23(1): 1-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25159/1947-9417/4080
Allen, T.D. & Jang, S.R. (2018). Gender and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Aytaç, T., Elma, C. & Çinkir, S. (2019). Effect of Gender on Teachers’ Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A Meta-Analysis. Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research, 14(3): 106-126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29329/epasr.2019.208.6
Bhatla, N. (2016). Organizational citizenship behavior-literature review and theoretical framework. International Journal of Human Resource Management and Research (IJHRMR), 6(2): 1–12.
Cameron, S.M. (2012). Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Shifting Standards for Women in the Workplace. Master of Arts. Southern Illinois University. Carbondale.
Cameron, S. & Nadler, J. (2013). Gender roles and organizational citizenship behaviors: Effects on managerial evaluations. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 28(7): 380-399. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-10-2012-0074
Casu, G., Mariani, M.G., Chiesa, R., Guglielmi, G. & Gremigni, P. (2021). The Role of Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Gender between Job Satisfaction and Task Performance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(18): 1-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189499
Cek, K. & Eyupoglu, S. (2020). Does a job satisfaction and organisational citizenship behaviour relationship exist among teachers?. South African Journal of Education, 40:1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v40ns2a1711
Chahal, H. & Mahajan, R. (2016). Role of organisational citizenship behaviour and service-dominant logic in value-creation in higher education: University Officers' Perspective. NICE Journal of Business, 11(1 & 2): 7-37.
Chan, S.H.J., & Lai, H.Y.I. (2017). Understanding the link between communication satisfaction, perceived justice and organisational citizenship behavior. Journal of Business Research, 70, 214–223. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.08.017
Chiaburu, D.S., Sawyer, K., Smith, T.A., Brown, N. & Harris, T.B. (2014). When civic virtue isn’t seen as virtuous: The effect of gender stereotyping on civic virtue expectations for women. Sex Roles, 70(5), 183–194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-014-0346-z
Crawley, D.C., Maher, J.K. & Blake-Beard, S. (2015). She’s already busy: An exploratory study of women’s workplace attitudes as predictors of organisational citizenship behavior. Gender in Management, 30(4), 286–311. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-04-2014- 0033 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-04-2014-0033
Farrell, S.K. & Finkelstein, L.M. (2007). Organizational citizenship behavior and gender: Expectations and attributions for performance. North American Journal of Psychology, 9(1), 81–96.
Gao, W. (2020). Gender and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 415: 25-29.
Gregorio, K., Heng, P.H. & Saraswati, K.D.H. (2020). Overview of University Student Organizational Citizenship Behaviour in X University. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 439:701-707. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200515.115
Hanson, J., Niqab, M. & Arif, T. (2022). Organizational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB) In Educational Settings: A Narrative Review. JISR management and social sciences & economics, 20(1): 21–42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31384/jisrmsse/2022.20.1.2
Haradhan, M. (2017). Two Criteria for Good Measurements in Research: Validity and Reliability. Annals of Spiru Haret University, 17(3): 58-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26458/1746
Heilman, M.E. & Chen, J.J. (2005). Same behavior, different consequences: Reactions to men?s and women?s altruistic citizenship behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(3): 431–441 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.3.431
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2017.09.006.
Honnamane, P.S., Sreekanth, K. & Girish, G.P. (2024). Moderating role of Gender on Work Engagement, Task Performance and Organizational Citizenship behavior in Indian IT Sector. International Journal of Religion, 5(6): 753 –758. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61707/hnw26s68
Huei, T.Y., Mansor, N.N. & Tat, H.H. (2014). Role of OCB and Demographic Factors in the Relationship of Motivation and Employee Performance. Intangible Capital, 10(3): 425-447. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3926/ic.435
Jena, R. K., & Goswami, R. (2014). Measuring the determinants of organizational citizenship behaviour. Global Business Review, 15(2), 381–396. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150914523587 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150914523587
Khalid, S.A., Rahman, N.A., Darus, N.A. Shahruddin, S. (2021). Lecturers’ Organizational Citizenship Behaviours during COVID19 Pandemic. Asian Journal of University Education, 17(2):215-226. https://doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v17i2.13401 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v17i2.13401
Malhotra, N.K. 2010. Marketing research: an applied orientation. 6th ed. Georgia: Pearson Education.
McGrail, S. (2023). The relationship between conscientiousness & higher education. https://www.studentselect.ai/articles/the-relationship-between-conscientiousness-higher-education. Accessed : 18/07/2023.
Mdlenleni, L., Mandyoli, L. & Frantz, J. (2021). Tenacity of Gender Inequality in South Africa: A Higher Education Perspective. Development Education and Social Justice, 33: 119-134.
Media Partners. (2017). Common Courtesy through the Lens of Common Decency. https://www.mediapartners.com/blog/post/common_courtesy_through_the_lens_of_common_decency. Accessed : 03/08/2024
Mhlanga, W.N. 2013. Gender Equality in South African Higher Education Institutions: Assessing determinants of policy failure. A Case Study on the University of KwaZulu-Natal (Howard College). School of Social Sciences. University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Mirkovi?, B. & Cizmic, S. (2019). Demographic characteristics and organisational citizenship behaviour of employees. Work Psychology, 4, 54-56.
Mitonga-Monga, J., Flotman, A.-P. & Cilliers, F. (2017). Organisational citizenship behaviour among railway employees in a developing country: effects of age, education and tenure. Southern African Business Review, 21(1), 385–406.
Mostafa, B.F., Jamshid, N.N., Behnam, B. N., & Aman, A.D. (2015). The analysis of relationship between transformational leadership of principals with organizational citizenship behavior of teachers in Baharestan city. Biological Forum – An International Journal, 7(2): 149–158.
Motalebi, P. & Mar?ap, A. (2019). The role of gender and job characteristics, as a determinant of organizational citizenship behaviour among the workers of welfare organization. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 7(12): 153-168.
Msimango, S. & Motala, S. (2021). Gendered ‘leaky pipelines’ in higher education: towards a supervision framework for breaking through the glass ceiling. Journal for New Generation Sciences, 21(1): 116-131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47588/jngs.2023.21.01.a9
Musimbi, V. (2020). The influence of gender on organisational citizenship behaviour at the cooperative bank of Kenya headquarters. Masters degree in business administration. University of Nairobi.
Ngoc-Duy Nguyen, P., Tran, D.V. & Le, D.N.T. (2022). Does organizational citizenship behavior predict organizational commitment of employees in higher educational institutions? Frontiers in Education, 1-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.909263
Ong, M., Mayer, D. M., Tost, L. P., & Wellman, N. (2018). When corporate social
Ong, M., Mayer, D.M., Tost, L.P., & Wellman, N. (2018). When corporate socialresponsibility motivates employee citizenship behavior: The sensitising role of tasksignificance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 144, 44–59.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2017.09.006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2017.09.006
Oplatka, I. (2009). Organizational citizenship
Özaslan, E.N. (2019). An examination of organizational citizenship behaviour in a higher education institution. Master of Science. Middle East Technical University.
Pavenkov, O., Pavenkov, V. & Rubtcova, M. (2015). The altruistic behavior: characteristic of future teachers of inclusive education in Russia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 187: 10 – 15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.03.003
Podsakoff, P.M., Mackenzie, S.B., Moorman, R.H. & Fetter, R. 1990. Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on followers’ trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Leadership Quarterly, 1:107-142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/1048-9843(90)90009-7
Punia, A.P. & Shyam, R. (2017). Gender Difference in of Organisational Behaviour (OCB) and Motives Underlying OCB. Psychology and Behavioural Sciences International Journal, 4(2): 1-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19080/PBSIJ.2017.04.555633
Rawski, S. L. & Conroy, S. A. (2020). Beyond demographic identities and motivation to learn: The effect of organizational identification on diversity training outcomes. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 41(5), 461-478. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2439
responsibility motivates employee citizenship behavior: The sensitising role of task
Rotich, R.K. (2022). Self-Efficacy, Demographic Characteristics and Organizational Citizenship Behavior among Management Employees in Public Organizations in Kenya. European Journal of Business and Strategic Management, 7(3):1 -23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47604/ejbsm.1710
Schneider, M.C. & Bos, A.L. (2019). The Application of Social Role Theory to the Study of Gender in Politics. Advances in Political Psychology, 40(1): 173-213 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12573
Shrestha, N. (2021). Factor Analysis as a Tool for Survey Analysis. American Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, 9(1): 4-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12691/ajams-9-1-2
significance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,144, 44–59.
Somech, A. & Ohayon, B-E. (2020). The trickle-down effect of OCB in schools: the link between leader OCB and team OCB. Journal of Educational Administration, 58(6): 629-643. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JEA-03-2019-0056
Sudha, G. (2020). Effect of Demographic Factors on Organizational Citizenship Behaviour. Test Engineering and Management, 5959 – 5969.
Suryani, S., Sudrajat, B., Hendryadi, H., Saihu, M., Amalia, E. & Fathoni, M.A. (2023). Development of thriving at work and organizational citizenship behavior through Islamic work ethics and humble leadership. Asian Journal of Business Ethics, 12:1–23 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13520-022-00160-3
Tabassum, R. (2016). The study of relationship between dimensions of organisational citizenship behaviour and gender difference: A literature review. International Journal of Science Technology and Management, 5(2): 300-308.
Tajudin, A., Omar, C.M.Z.C., Yunus, N.K.Y., Tajuddin, A.F.A. & Hadi, N.F.A. (2013). Determinant Factors of Behaviour among Lecturers in Effective Teaching. International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 2(10): 47-51.
Tany?ld?z, H.B.A. & Serin, H. (2020). The Relationship between Organizational Image and Organizational Citizenship Perception of Academicians. International Journal of Education & Literacy Studies, 8(1): 14-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.8n.1p.14
Uzonwanne, F.C. (2014). Organizational Citizenship Behaviour and Demographic Factors among Oil Workers in Nigeria. Journal Of Humanities And Social Science, 19(8): 87-95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-19858795
Waheed, S. & Shah, A.A. 2017. Organisational Citizenship Behaviour among University Teachers: An Empirical Study. International Journal of Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Studies (IJIMS), 4 (3): 248-253.
Westlake, G., Coall, D. & Grueter, C.C. (2019). Educational attainment is associated with unconditional helping behaviour. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/ehs.2019.16
Wille, B., Wiernik, B.M., Vergauwe, J., Vrijdags, A. & Trbovic, N. (2018). Personality characteristics of male and female executives: Distinct pathways to success? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 106: 220-235. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2018.02.005
Wheeler, A. & Wiese, L. (2024). Reforming higher education in South Africa by addressing gender inequalities. Journal of Adult and Continuing Education, 1-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/14779714241252739
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Joelle Danielle Ngo Ndjama, Johan Van Der Westhuizen
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
For all articles published in IJRBS, copyright is retained by the authors. Articles are licensed under an open access Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, meaning that anyone may download and read the paper for free. In addition, the article may be reused and quoted provided that the original published version is cited. These conditions allow for maximum use and exposure of the work, while ensuring that the authors receive proper credit.
