A critical review of the labor competitiveness as human capital in Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v10i5.1303Abstract
This study aims to identify, rationalize and resolve the issue of labor competitiveness as human capital in organizations/companies from the perspective of human capital management in Indonesia. This study uses qualitative methods, observation or document study to collect data and analyze the data descriptively which is used to examine the condition of the object under study. The secondary data used in this study is aimed at supporting the primary information that has been obtained. The results of the study indicate that the competitiveness of the workforce as human capital is a workforce that has the ability to work, work skills and employability to develop a more effective and efficient work system in order to increase work productivity. This can be built and created through quality education and skills training programs based on information and communication technology (ICT) by encouraging vocational education and training, apprenticeships, and competency certification for students in the field of national education.
Downloads
References
Al-Ma’ruf, A.I. (2010). Kajian Stilistika: Perspektif Kritik Holistik. Surakarta: UNS Press.
Agudelo,C.A.M., and Saavedra, M.R.B. (2016). The Human Resource Management As A Key Element And Quality Competitiveness Organizacional.Revista Científica "Visión de Futuro", 20(2), 21-37, Universidad Nacional de Misiones. https://www.redalyc.org/ journal/ 3579/ 357947335007/html/
Anggraeni,D.M. & Saryono. (2013). Metodelogi Penelitian Kualitatif dan Kuantitatif dalam Bidang Kesehatan. Yogyakarta: Nuha Medika.
Asian Development Bank. (2020). Indonesia: Boosting Productivity Through Human Capital Development Program (Subprogram 1). Sovereign (Public) Project | 54461-001. https://www.adb.org/projects/54461-001/main
Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) Indonesia.(2021). Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020. https://www.bps.go.id/ pressrelease/2021/01/21/1854/hasil-sensus-penduduk-2020.html
Bappenas Rancangan Teknoratik : Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional/RPJMN 2020-20242020-2024, https://www.bappenas.go.id
Bassanini, A., Scarpetta,S., and Visco, I. (2000). Knowledge, technology and economic growth: recent evidence from oecd countries. Working papers - research series. Nbb working paper No.6 – MAY. https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/144220/1/wp006.pdf
Bejakovi?, P. (2014). Education, Employability and Labour Force Competitiveness in Croatia. Problems of Education in the 21st Eentury. Volume 58, ISSN 1822-7864. http://www.scientiasocialis.lt/pec/ files/pdf/vol58/13-26.Bejakovic_Vol.58.pdf
Bevacqua,J.(2018). Developing a sustainable competitive advantage for their company is on the wish list of every CEO and business owner around the globe—but is it even possible? |May 24. https://risepeople.com/blog/company-culture-competitive-advantages/
Bhusal, M. K. (2020). The world after COVID-19: An opportunity for a new beginning. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 10(5), 735–741. https://doi.org/10.29322/ IJSRP.10.05.2020.p10185
Badan Pusat Statistik /BPS per Februari 2019 . https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2019/05/31/ a96ce41f72e59d5dfb1cad9f/keadaan-angkatan-kerja-di-indonesia-februari-2019.html
Boon, C.,Eckardt, R.,Lepak, D.,& Boselie, P.(2018). Integrating strategic human capital and strategic human resource management. The International Journal of Human Resource Management Volume 29, - Issue 1: Annual Review Pages 34-67 | https://doi.org/10.1080/ 09585192.2017.1380063
Bubenik,S.(2019).Can HR Strategies Create A Competitive Advantage For Your Company?.IFeb 18. https://www.forbes.com/sites/scholleybubenik/
Carnevale, A.P.,Fasules, M. L., and Campbell,K.P. (2020) Workplace Basics The Competencies Employers Want. https://www.luminafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/workplace-basics.pdf
Chulanova, Z. K. (2017). The Human Capital as a Factor of Competitiveness and Economic Development. East Asian Journal of Business Management 7-3, 23-31 ISSN 2234-3059. https://doi:10. 13106 /eajbm.2017
Cedefop (2011).Europen Centre for the Development of Vocational Training: Annual Report 2011. Luxemburg: Pubicatios Office of the European Union. www.cedefop.europa.eu
?rnjar, K.(2018). Human Capital Capabilities for Sustainable Competitive Advantage in Tourism Industry. EBEEC 2018. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i10.3535 https://knepublishing.com/index.php/Kne-Social/ article/view/3535/7415
De?er, V.B. (2021). Outbreak Management and COVID-19 Pandemic. IntechOpen, Published: March 4th. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96335. https://www.intechopen.com/about-intechopen
Digital Management and Leadership.(2018).What’s the Importance of Higher Education on the Economy?. https://digitalmarketinginstitute.com/blog/what-is-the-importance-of-higher-education-on-the-economy
Direktorat Jenderal (Ditjen Pendidikan) Vokasi. (2020). Rencana Strategis (Renstra) Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Vokasi (Ditjen Pendidikan Vokasi) tahun 2020-2024
Doyle, A. (2020). What Are Employability Skills? - Definition & Examples of Employability Skills. https://www.thebalancecareers.com/employability-skills-list-and-examples-4143571
Dubra, I.(2019).Human Capital Impact on The Enterprise Competitiveness. Conference Paper at University of Latvia, January 2019. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330534240
Erol, S.;Jäger,A.;Hold,P.;Ott, K.; Sihn,W.(2016).Tangible Industry 4.0: A Scenario-Based Approach to Learning for the Future of Production. Procedia CIRP 2016, Vol.54, pp 13–18. https://doi.org/ 10.1016 /j.procir.2016.03.162
Farrugia,N.(2017).Competitive advantage through human capital. September 10, https://timesofmalta.com/ articles/view/Competitive-advantage-through-human-capital.657666
Gan, J.L.,& Yusof,H.M.(2019).Industrial Revolution 4.0: the Human Resource Practices. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), 8, 620-624. Issue-3S2, October, ISSN: 2277-3878. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.C1203.1083S219
Gruszczynski, L. (2020). The COVID-19 Pandemic and International Trade: Temporary Turbulence or Paradigm Shift? European Journal of Risk Regulation, 11(2), 337–342. https://doi.org/10.1017/err.2020.29
Hasan, M. I. (2002). Pokok-pokok Materi Metodologi Penelitian dan Aplikasinya. Bogor:Ghalia Indonesia
Hatch, N. W., & Dyer, J. H. (2004). Human capital and learning as a source of sustainable competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal, 25, 1155–1178. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.421
Ibrahim,M.S., Hanif, A., Jamal, F.Q., Ahsan, A. (2019). Towards successful business process improvement – An extension of change acceleration process model. PLoS ONE 14(11): e0225669. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225669
International Labour Organization/ILO.(2021).Skills strategies for future labour markets. https://www.ilo.org/ skills/areas/skills-training-for-poverty-reduction/lang--en/index.htm
Kazlauskait?,R.,Bu?i?nien?,I.(2008).The Role of Human Resources and Their Management in the Establishment of Sustainable Competitive Advantage. ISM Vadybos ir ekonomikos universitetas E.Ožeškien?s g.18, LT-44254, Kaunas Published in Engineering Economics 2008. No 5 (60). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257294800
Kementerian PUPR. (2021). Buka Kesempatan Kerja, Program Padat Karya Bidang Jalan & Jembatan Sudah Serap 109.047 Tenaga Kerja. https://www.pu.go.id/berita/buka-kesempatan-kerja-program-padat-karya-bidang-jalan-jembatan-sudah-serap-109047-tenaga-kerja
Kim, H., Hoskisson, R. E., & Lee, S.-H. (2014). Why strategic factor markets matter: “New” multinationals’ geographic diversification and firm profitability. Strategic Management Journal, 36, 518–536. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.22
Kinzel, H. (2017). Industry 4.0 – Where Does This Leave the Human Factor? 15, 70-83, Technische Universitat Bergakedemie Freiberg, Germany. https://doi.org/10.14456/ jucr.2017.
Lee, B. (2018). Human capital and labor: the effect of entrepreneur characteristics on venture success. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research. https://doi.org/:10.1108/ijebr-10-2017-0384
Mahdiyah,L. (2019). Ketidaksesuaian antara Pendidikan dan Kebutuhan Tenaga Kerja Masih Besar. https://databoks.katadata.co.id.
Marek,D., Patrik, R., Veronika, G., and Marina,F. (2020). Economic impacts of Covid-19 on the labormarket and human capital.. Terra Economicus, 2020, 18(4), 78–96. https://doi.org/10.18522/2073-6606-2020-18-4-78-96
McIver, D., Lengnick-Hall, C. A., Lengnick-Hall, M. L., & Ramachandran, I. (2013). Understanding work and knowledge management from a knowledge-in-practice perspective. Academy of Management Review, 38(4), 597–620. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2011.0266
Memon, M.A., Mangi, R,A.,and Rohra, C.L. (2009). Human Capital a Source of Competitive Advantage “Ideas for Strategic Leadership”. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 3(4): 4182-4189, ISSN 1991-8178 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292417825
Moleong, L.J. (2005). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif, Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development /OECD. (2016). Panel 4.2 “Skills for a Digital World” of the OECD Ministerial Meeting on the Digital Economy, 21-23 June, Cancún (Mexico). OECD digital economy papers No. 250. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development /OECD. (2020). Fostering local approaches to skills in Indonesia. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/df6c4fbb-en/index.html?itemId=/content/ component/ df6c4fbb-en
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development/OECD (2020), Adult education level (indicator). https://doi.org/10.1787/36bce3fe-en
O'Neill, A. (2021). Indonesia: Unemployment rate from 1999 to 2020. , Jul 1. https://www.statista .com
Peraturan Presiden (Perpres) Nomor 8 Tahun 2012 Tentang Kerangka Kualifikasi Nasional Indonesia
Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia Nomor 81 Tahun 2014 Tentang Ijazah, Sertifikat Kompetensi, dan Sertifikat Profesi Pendidikan Tinggi
Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia Nomor 2 Tahun 2013 Tentang Pedoman Pengembangan Sistem Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Berbasis Kompetensi di Lingkungan Kementerian Dalam Negeri dan Pemerintahan Daerah;
Peraturan Menteri Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi, Republik Indonesia Nomor 8 Tahun 2014 Tentang Pedoman Penyelenggaraan Pelatihan berbasis Kompetensi
Peraturan Menteri Ketenagakerjaan, Republik Indonesia Nomor 21 Tahun 2014 Tentang Pedoman Penerapan Kerangka Kualifikasi Nasional Indonesia
Pelinescu, E. (2016). Human Capital And Competitiveness In Ue, Internal Auditing and Risk Management, Athenaeum University of Bucharest, vol. 43(1), pages 49-61, September. https://ideas.repec.org/a/ath/journl/v43y2016i1p49-61.html
Razif, M., Miraja, B. A., Persada, S. F., Nadlifatin, R., Belgiawan, P. F., Redi, A. A. N. P., Lin, S-Ch. (2020). Investigating the role of environmental concern and the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology on working from home technologies adoption during COVID-19. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 8(1), 795–808. http://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2020.8.1(53)
Ready, D. A., & Conger, J. A. (2007). Make your company a talent factory. Harvard Business Review, 85, 68–77. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6255924_Make_your_company_a_talent_factory
Scharle, A. (2003). Competitiveness and the Labor Market. Working Paper No. 4 Strategic Analysis Division - The Ministry of Finance of Hungary. http://www.pm.gov.hu
Sertifikasiku. (2020). Daya saing tenaga kerja Indonesia masih ketinggalan! Yakin siap bersaing di era MEA?. 18 Juli. https://sertifikasiku.com/daya-saing-tenaga-kerja-indonesia-masih-ketinggalan-yakin-siap-bersaing-di-era-mea/
Shaw,J.D., Park,T.Y., and Kim, E. (2012). A resource-based perspective on human capital losses, HRM investments, and organizational performance. Strategic Management Journal Strat. Mgmt. J., 34: 572–589 (2013) Published online Early View in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2025
Singh, S.N. (2021). Unemployment in India: Causes and Solutions.International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) |10(4), 45-48 https://doi.org/10.35629/7722-1004024548 www.ijhssi.org 45
Sima, V., & Gheorghe, I.G. (2014).Labour market trends in România in the context of green economy. Annals of the „Constantin Brâncu?i” University of Târgu Jiu, Economy Series, Special Issue/2014- Information society and sustainable development, pp. 116–123. https://www.utgjiu.ro/revista/ ec/pdf/2014-04.Special/22_Sima,%20Gheorghe.pdf
Srivastava, K., and Das R. C.(2015). Human capital management: Economics of psychological perspective. Ind Psychiatry J. 2015 Jul-Dec; 24(2): 115–118. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-6748.181717
Sugiyono. (2015).Statistika Untuk Penelitian. Bandung :CV Alfabeta
The ASEAN Magazine.(2020). The Inside View Human Resources Development. The ASEAN Secretariat ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community Department ,Jakarta, Indonesia , 4, https://asean.org/asean-socio-cultural/
The Global Competitiveness Report. (2020).: How Countries are Performing on the Road to Recovery. Special Edition 2020. Section 2: Human Capital. Published: 16 December 2020. https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-competitiveness-report-2020#report-nav
Toner,P. (2011). Workforce skills and innovation: an overview of major themes in the literature. Sg/innov(2011)1, 4-64. OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry (STI) Centre for Educational Research and Innovation (CERI). https://www.oecd.org/ sti/inno/ 46970941.pdf
Trading Economic.(2021). Indonesia Unemployment Rate. https://tradingeconomics.com/indonesia /unemployment-rate
Triana, H.,& Rosmalia, e. (2017). Pengembangan Kualitas SDM Indonesia dengan Sertifikasi Profesi. https://lsp-ipi.org/pengembangan-kualitas-sdm-indonesia-dengan-sertifikasi-profesi
Ulya, F.N.(2020). Pertumbuhan Ekonomi RI Minus 5,32 Persen pada Kuartal II-2020. https://money.kompas.com/read/2020/08/05/ 120854826/pertumbuhan-ekonomi-ri-minus-532-persen-pada-kuartal-ii-2020.
Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan
Varga,E., Szira,Z., Bardos, K.I., & Hajos, L (2016). The Most Relevant Labour Market Competencies for Employers and their Assessment by Students. Practice and Theory in Systems of Education, 11 (2): 95-104. https://doi.org/10.1515/ptse-2016-0012
Wijayanto,H.,Ode,S.(2019). Dinamika Permasalahan Ketenagakerjaan dan Pengangguran di Indonesia. .Administratio, Jurnal Ilmiah Administrasi Publik dan Pembangunan. 10(1), https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/290285-the-dynamics-of-the-problem-employ ment-a-04d0b11e.pdf
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Dewi Andriani
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
For all articles published in IJRBS, copyright is retained by the authors. Articles are licensed under an open access Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, meaning that anyone may download and read the paper for free. In addition, the article may be reused and quoted provided that the original published version is cited. These conditions allow for maximum use and exposure of the work, while ensuring that the authors receive proper credit.