Government-to-business e-service provision in Myanmar

This study aims to increase knowledge and understanding of Government-to-Business (G2B) Services in Myanmar and will also discover the critical challenges for G2B e-Service provision in Myanmar. The government officials from the agencies providing G2B services are surveyed to explore the current status of G2B services in Myanmar. Questionnaires were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively, with the respondents identifying themselves as they currently work at government agencies. The study revealed that among the total 30 Ministries, it is 24 % of public services are available online. The current study found that ICT infrastructure barriers, legal and policy issues, and financial barriers are significant challenges that delay the progress of G2B e-Service implementation in Myanmar. The ICT infrastructure, particularly regarding data center, are still considered inadequate, and financial and technical assistance is in demand for implementing the G2B e-Service. Social and cultural barriers are the fewer obstacles found in the analysis, with an overall rate of 87.3% positive opinion on the digital transformation of G2B services. This study will support several contributions to implementing e-Government services in Myanmar and provide awareness about G2B e-Service in Myanmar. © 2023


Introduction
The innovation in e-Government services is becoming more important agenda of governments with the greater reasons; delivering services effectively with quick and easy access, allowing people to become involved in decision-making and the design and delivery of services, supporting greater government openness and accountabilities, increasing public trust.The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic highly alerts both public and private sector and the necessaries of digital technology and calls for strengthening digital transformation of governments themselves.As long as an important aspect of digitizing public service becomes one of the main particulars of citizens' and businesses' rising expectations in the interaction with governments, on the other hand, the governments face a significant issue in achieving these new demands.
In the transforming process of Myanmar to be inclusive and to achieve all around development across the country, implementing and developing e-Government would be one of the solutions for Myanmar.Although Myanmar is undergoing policies for e-Government development with the support of professionals from government agencies and other local and international organizations, the country's digital transformation still has several challenges, and implementing a better G2B e-service is a critically important issue in Myanmar.
Various studies revealed that implementing better user-centric public service delivery has important implications for government to boost citizen trust, to enhance social inclusiveness, transparency and government accountability, and contribute to the country's sustainable socio-economics development (OECD, 2022).Although there are several studies in international academic field that focusing on factors effecting the adoption of e-Government, e-Government services, and the quality of e-Services of developing countries, the survey specially study on digital transformation of G2B services in Myanmar is still lacking.One of the motivations for conducting this study is to be filling this gap in the literature.
On the other hand, on account of e-Government services implementation in Myanmar, there has been lack of literatures in reviewing the present status of G2B services and exploring the suitable solution for integrated G2B e-services provision in Myanmar, and a need to add more knowledge and understanding the e-Government services implementing challenges of Myanmar was motivated to conduct this study.Thus, this study aims to highlight the current status of G2B services and reveals the critical issues of investment permit/ endorsement, licenses issuing government agencies for the provision of G2B e-Services in Myanmar.In other words, this study aims to provide implications to specific government agencies in Myanmar regarding with provision of G2B e-service.Bearing this aim in mind, this study conducted a survey to government agencies in Myanmar.The questionnaires were developed based on the challenges of e-Government services implementing in developing countries of the previous literatures which are ICT infrastructure barrier, legal and policy barrier, privacy and security issue, financial barriers organizational barriers social and cultural barrier, and the collected data were analyzed quantitively and qualitatively.
The outcomes of this study are believed to be possible interest to the investment permit/ endorsement/ licenses issuing government agencies in Myanmar and the study are directed to meet the needs of this group by identifying the factors affecting implementation of G2B e-Services.In addition, the firms who are currently doing business and potential investors who are planning to do business in Myanmar could also benefit from the outcomes of this study, and the researchers in the G2B e-Service field as the outcomes of this research will highlight the critical factors associated with G2B e-Services implementation and adoption in Myanmar.
The structure of this paper is: following the introduction section, the literature review section discusses the previous studies findings related to the concepts and definitions of e-Government, digital governance, the digital transformation in public services, factors affecting on G2B e-Service adoption and the critical success factors of G2B service implementation.In the next section, it discusses the methodology of the study.Then, the finding of the study will describe in the discussion section.Finally, on the basis of the finding, implications for G2B services providing government agencies are presented in the conclusion section of this paper.

Literature Review
E-government can thus be described as the use of ICTs to deliver government services to citizens and companies more effectively and efficiently.It is the use of information and communication technology (ICT) in government operations to achieve public goals through digital means.The underlying principle of e-government, as supported by an effective e-governance institutional framework, is to improve the internal workings of the public sector by reducing financial costs and transaction times in order to better integrate work flows and processes and enable effective resource utilization across the various public sector agencies, with the goal of achieving long-term solutions (UN, 2020).
According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD, 2019), digital transformation in government entities has many benefits, which include easier and smoother activities at government entities, better decision-making, better public services, proper responses to meet public demands, and people's socioeconomic development.Today's society and economy are being transformed by the fast integration of digital technologies.A significant component of this is the shift in citizens' and businesses' expectations of government interaction.Governments, on the other hand, face a significant problem in achieving these growing challenges.OECD described that governments must digitally reform themselves, and that failure to do so could threaten the social compact.
Governments are facing with tremendous demands to streamline public expenditures in order to remain globally competitive and to promote growth, as well as rising expectations from users to provide more innovative and responsive services.And several studies have researched the concept of digital transformation in public services over the recent decades.In particular, (OECD, 2019) identified the need for more user-driven public services, especially in the areas where the delivery of welfare services is most expensive, and adopted a systematic and consistent strategy to achieving sustainable efficiency gains in the public sector.
Governments are leveraging the power of information technologies in transformative ways, from setting measurable administrative goals to improving public service delivery, from making data-driven decisions to enacting evidence-based policies, from ensuring greater accountability and transparency within government to building greater public trust.The concept of digital governance reflects a turning point in how governments of the world perform their missions (World Bank, 2022).According to (ASEAN, 2020), improving public service delivery and adopting digital initiatives for continuous training and upgrading, providing ASEAN citizens with the latest infrastructure, technology, digital skills, information, applications and services will help modernize the public sector.
The digital transformation of citizen-oriented services and internal administrative processes is a priority for public administrations, according to (Ada et al., 2020).The research was conducted at how co-production strategies can be used to develop and implement digital strategies in Denmark.The four categories of public value identified are citizens, economic, administrative, and societal public value.(Idah et al., 2020) investigated the main barriers to public e-procurement adoption by using the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework.The study found that (1) Technological challenges: e-procurement adoption and utilization, edisruptive procurement's innovation, the use of digital signatures, technological security and privacy, and technical features of eprocurement (2) Organizational challenges: stakeholders' behavior, leaders' behavior, leadership shortcomings, lack of training and skilled personnel, resistance to change, organizational power and politics, and the creation of public value underpinning eprocurement (3) Environmental/Contextual challenges: regulatory framework for public procurement, SME issues, and country context.Human and contextual factors are at the core of major e-procurement implementations.
To explore the adoption of G2B e-Service, a number of studies have been conducted.According to the previous studies, the following Table 1 shows that the challenges facing of e-Government Service implementation.

Methodology
In general, the methodology is the way of achieving the research objectives.In order to explore the current status of G2B services and challenges facing by the service provider government agencies, the methodological concern of this study is addressed in this section.

Population and Sampling
In order to derive the optimal solution for provision of G2B e-Services in Myanmar, a survey was conducted in Myanmar in 2021 and 2022.The purposive sampling method (a non-probability sampling technique) was used in this study.This technique was selected based on the knowledge of population (only individuals' who were working for the government agencies that provides G2B service were eligible to participate in this study).Therefore, the study population group consists of government officials in Myanmar.A total 102 officials from 17 Ministries were selected as the strata.

Data Collection Method
The survey method was used to solicit data collected through questionnaire to the main G2B e-Services providers (i., and designed to capture their perspectives and analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively.The respondents were asked about their current G2B services and challenges that they need to address for implementing G2B e-Services.

Survey Questionnaires Formulation
The survey questionnaire has divided questions into section 1, section 2, section 3 and section 4 respectively to gather information about G2B services of Ministries.The questionnaire has started with the screening question in section 1 by asking whether the respondent is government official or not.If the answer is "YES), the survey has been continued to answer.Then questionnaire goes through with some general question, in section 2, about respondent personal details such as position, department name and Ministry name.The open format question continued asking respondent in section 3 about their responsible investment business related license/permit/approval/ recommendation, their departmental website and G2B services because this is important to know how Myanmar is providing it G2B services whether it is online or offline.Section 4 questionnaire explore the challenges in implementing G2B e-services with this study come to know the barriers of government agencies, and it support target to provide suggestion for transforming G2B services.This section was adapted from the theory mentioned in the literature which is ICT infrastructure barrier, legal and policy barrier, privacy and security issue, financial barriers organizational barriers social and cultural barrier are analyzed.Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) is used to analyze the data.

Results and Discussion
In order to reveal the barriers in government agencies in digitalization its G2B services, there are 102 questionnaires set are send to officials of government agencies.There are 74 officials are responded the survey, and 11 of them are not from the department that do not provide G2B services to businesses, therefore they were excluded from the evaluation.The total number of respondents was 63; it is 61.8% of the survey respondent.The questionnaires start with whether the respondent described as an official and whether his or department provides G2B services.For the answer was "Yes", the demographic information and the background on computer and internet experience of the respondents were assessed.
The following Table 3 describes the main findings obtained the screening, personal data and departmental data of the respondents, government departments/organizations. Five screening personal variables; namely (1) gender; (2) age; (3) position; (4) computer experience; and (5) internet experience, were subjected to a series of frequency analyses to find out any significant findings of government agencies, G2B e-Services providers in Myanmar.Of the survey analysis, 33 respondents (52.4%) were female and 30 (47.6%) were male.Most of the respondent are mid-level officers between age 26 and 55, and 11.1 % of them are director level.The result of computer and internet experience of the respondents, the total 63 is summarized in Table 4.According to the responses, it can be stated that the respondents were ICT literate as more than 46% of the respondents had more than 10 years of internet access, whereas 54% of them are between 4 years and 9 years' experience in internet access.Regarding with computer literate, 63.5% of the respondents had more than 10 years of computer experience while 36.5 % are 7 to 9 years familiar with computer.The majority of the survey respondents; government officials had significant experience using computer and internet as of the assessment.8 illustrates the results of questionnaire processing that are related to ICT infrastructure barrier of government agencies in digitizing its G2B services.The lower the mean value, the greater the item is a challenge.According to the result, the respondents stated that their department have a guiding set of principles, models and standard for implementing e-government services, but on the other hand, it can be found that they don't think their department have sufficient ICT infrastructure.As described in Table 9, the results regarding with the ICT infrastructure barriers questionnaire, most respondents, 60.3% indicated that their department have internetworking for delivery of G2B services, and 31.7%described that they don't have internetworking for communication and delivery of services, while the remaining 7.9 % replied that they are not sure about that.It can be found that regarding with the questionnaire "Does your department have internet working for communication and delivery of services?"as of total 63 respondents there are around 31% agencies are required internetworking communication.
Regarding with the questionnaire "Does your department have a guideline set of principles, and standard for implementing egovernment services?"as of total 63 respondents there are 66.7% replied that "Yes, their agency has a guideline set of principles, and standard for implementing e-Government services".In the remaining, 23.8% of respondents described that there is no guideline set of principles and standard for implementing e-Government services in their agency, and as shown in the table, 6 % of them are not sure about principles and standard for implementing e-Government services of their agency.
Regarding with the questionnaire "Does your department can access the internet?"as of total 63 respondents there are 61.9%replied that internet is available in their department.In the remaining, 31.7% of respondents described that they have no internet access, and as shown in the table, 1 % of them are not sure according to the respondents.
Regarding with the questionnaire "Do you think that your department have sufficient ICT infrastructure?" as of total 63 respondents there are 73.0 % selected "No", and 14.3% are "Yes".The remaining, 12.7 % of respondents are not sure about principles and standard for implementing e-Government services of their agency.10 illustrates the results of questionnaire processing that are related to legal and regulatory barrier of government agencies in digitizing its G2B services.The lower the mean value, the greater the item is a challenge.According to the result, the respondents stated that their department have required a comprehensive legal and regulatory framework to implement e-Government service.
Requiring a comprehensive Legal and regulatory framework to implement e-Government service is more required than occurring legal and policy issues in your department to implement e-services.As described in Table 11, the results regarding with legal and regulatory barrier questionnaire, most respondents, 47.2 % indicated agree on their department have a comprehensive legal and regulatory framework to implement e-Government service, while 40.3 % indicated "No".The rest percent represent missing in the analysis.On the questionnaire "Rate legal and policy issues in your department to implement e-services", 38.1 % of the respondents described agree on the questionnaire, 25.4% of respondent have picked the "Not sure" option, and 36.5% have stated strongly disagree and disagree options.According to Table 12, the lower the mean value, the greater the privacy and security issues have remained in the questionnaire regarding with having security professionals for computer security or cyber security to respond threats and breaches and having security policies and standards in implementing e-government services in the agencies.* The lower the mean value, the greater the privacy and security issue that this item is a challenge Table 13 reveals that the average 55.7 % of the respondents described that their department have a comprehensive privacy policy that specifics citizens' right, and the 11.5% of the respondents stated that their department do not have a comprehensive privacy policy that specifies citizens' right and the remaining 32.8% mentioned the option not sure.On the other hand, the 81.8 % of the respondents described that their department have security policies and standards in implementing e-government services, 9.1 % of respondents are described that their department have no have security policies and standards in implementing e-government services.
Regarding with the questionnaire "Does your department have security professionals for computer security or cyber security to respond threats and breaches", 58.1% of the respondents selected Yes, 37.1% stated that their department have no security professionals for computer security or cyber security to respond threats and breaches, and the rest 4.8 % answered they are not sure on that issue.Financial barriers were analyzed with the questionnaire described in Table 14.According to the result, the financial barrier was characterized as important issue if the mean value of the replies was greater than 95% confidence value.And, Table 15 revealed that nearly about 51.7 % respondents agreed that their department sufficient budget to provide online services and to use technology.48.3 % answered that their department receive required budget to provide online services and to use technology, and regarding with facing financial issue, 39.4% of the respondents revealed that they have financial issue, 24.6% are not sure about the issue, and 36.1% are stated that their department have financial issue.16.According to the result, the organizational barrier of management support, collaboration and cooperation with stakeholders, provide training and education programs for enhancement of e-government project and ICT skills of your officials/staffs of government agencies was characterized as important issue as the mean value of the replies was greater than 95% confidence value.* The lower the mean value, the greater the perceived risk that this item is a challenge.
Table 17 revealed that nearly about 85.0 % respondents agreed that their department have good management support in adopting and implementation of e-government services.5 % and 10% of the respondents are described disagree and no opinion about management support respectively.77.4 % responded that their department is collaborating and cooperating with stakeholders and private sectors to get resources, plans, skills and experiences to implement e-government services, and only 12.9 % answered they have no collaborating and cooperating with stakeholders and private sectors.And, 80 % of the respondents answered that their department receive required resources and trainings, the cooperation and coordination between stakeholders for a successful e-government services implementation, there is 15% who choose no about getting training.84.8% of the government agencies responded that their officials/staffs have sufficient ICT skill, and 6.8% expressed that their officials/staffs required to be sufficient ICT skill.According to Table 18, the social and cultural barriers regarding with threatening to losing positions, jobs power of officials/staffs, resisting of transformation and preference of going digital are not so bold as important issue as the mean value of the replies was not much greater than 95% confidence value and the lower the mean value, the greater the social and cultural barriers have remained.* The lower the mean value, the greater the social and cultural barriers that this item is a challenge And Table 19 reveals that 81.0 % have not accept the statement "the e-government implementation can cause a threat to positions and losing jobs and power of officials/staffs" and have positive scenes on transformation from manual methods of work to electronic ones with the answer 95.5% and they have no worry about the impact of their jobs and power losing.And 95.5% of the respondents prefer transforming electronic-base working rather than paper-based working.The respondents revealed that all the ministry of Myanmar have ministerial level website, whereas in the departmental level, about 59 % of government departments have departmental websites and most of them are provide the information about the background history, organizational structure, their role and responsibility, functions, related laws and regulations, news about their activities, standard operation procedures of their departments, contact information and about the public services they are providing.Regarding with e-Government services, as of Myanmar National Portal, there are total 510 offline services and 125 online services.It can be seen that 24 % of public services are available online, among the online public services; it is included 52 % of G2B e-Services.
ICT Infrastructure Barrier-in Myanmar's G2B services providing organizations, the ICT infrastructure particularly regarding hardware, software, network, wireless access, virtual and remote assets, data center and storage Facilities is still considered low, which is mostly due to the fact that the Myanmar is a developing country.When considering to get rid of ICT infrastructure barrier as a concept to grow G2B e-Services for investment facilitation that create ease of doing business environment, a common concern globally is the undertaking to development of lack of ICT infrastructure.Compared to developed industrialized countries, Myanmar is in a particularly unique situation since it has a chance for obtaining technical and financial assistance from regional organizations such as China-Myanmar Economic Cooperation (CMEC), Ayeyawady -Chao Phraya -Mekong Economic Cooperation (ACMECS) for digital infrastructure development in Myanmar.Regional organizations are supporting Myanmar government agencies for digital infrastructure in 2021-2022 financial years: Myanmar received RMB 4 billion from CMEC and RMB 4.9 Billion from ACMECS to bring digital infrastructure development.
Legal and regulatory Issue-A key obstacle to leverage is the lack of comprehensive legal and regulatory framework to implement e-Government service as 40% and legal and policy issues as 38.1% of our survey respondents have indicated.While Myanmar government has endeavored to transform in e-Government development since 2003 with short/mid/long term plan, concrete legal and regulatory framework for implementing integrated G2B e-Services is still in progress.Most G2B services are still developing as the silo projects of respective Ministries.
Privacy and security issue-With an overall rate of 19.23% of respondent described the lack of a comprehensive privacy policy that specifies citizens' right, security policies and standards in implementing e-government services and security professionals for cyber security to respond threats and breaches, Myanmar still have some privacy and security issues in digital transformation of its G2B services.Most of the G2B services providing agencies still required to get the thrust of the investors.Although significant progress has been achieved by making cyber security policy, preparing to be launched and endeavoring to enact cyber security law contributing with the suggestion of stakeholders, and undertaking to address the cyber security issues in cooperation with ASEAN member countries, Myanmar has not yet pushed the concept of cyber security as fast as neighboring countries.
Financial Barrier is a key obstacle to leverage with insufficient budget to provide online services and to use technology as 51.7% and facing financial issue 39.4 % of our survey respondents have indicated.While the government has improved the allocation of budget on digital transformation since a decade ago, financial barrier for G2B service has not been in the priority projects.Most budget allocation are utilizing on fulfillment of ICT and related hardware infrastructure development.Access to finance for digital transformation in government agencies has slowly been increasing over the past years but finance for the developing G2B e-Service providing system and integrating the existing system are still nascent.Developing cost and annual maintenance cost of G2B e-Services system still remain as a challenge for Myanmar.Some ministries who are leading in digital transformation have started to offer user centric services, but this needs to be expanded much further.
Organizational Barrier-The survey revealed that only few agencies, it is 9.9% of the respondents, suppose that their agency have obstacle on management support, collaboration and cooperation with stakeholders, provide training and education programs for enhancement of e-government project and ICT skills of officials/staffs of government agencies.Although there is a high willingness to digitize and further digital transformation in their organizations, it will take time for capacity building of officials/staffs to familiar with Industry 4.0 technologies such as block chain, AR, Cloud computing, AI, etc., in a broader context.However, cooperating with representatives from government, private sector organization and regional cooperation could help to overcome the organizational barriers to G2B e-Services provider agencies.
Social and cultural barriers is the less obstacle found in the analysis.Threatening to losing positions, jobs power of officials/staffs, resisting of transformation and preference of going digital are not too bold as important issue.With an overall rate of 87.3% of respondent described that the positive opinion on digital transformation in their G2B services.However, the G2B services providing agencies should endeavor to decrease the resistance to e-government systems.

Conclusions
This paper presents the systematic assessment of the current status of G2B services of government agencies and barriers to implement successful G2B e-Services in Myanmar.The implementation of integrated G2B e-Services is remaining as critical challenges for Myanmar.ICT infrastructure barrier, legal and policy barrier, privacy and security issue, financial barriers organizational barriers social and cultural barrier are analyzed in this study.It is not an easy job for developing countries and have faces many challenges and barriers which have to be treated very carefully.The current study found that ICT infrastructure barrier, legal and policy issue, financial barrier are major challenges that delay progress of G2B e-Service implementation in Myanmar context which needs to overcome to further G2B e-Services implementation in service providers, government agencies.
When considering how to improve G2B e-Services implementation in services providing government agencies, to address the issue of insufficient ICT infrastructure, it is critical not only to develop leap-frog technology design but also to obtain international technical assistance.Myanmar can be at the developing stage of digital infrastructure development assistance of regional organization, for instance, financial support of regional organization such as China Myanmar Economic Cooperation (CMEC) and Ayeyawady -Chao Phraya -Mekong Economic Cooperation (ACMECS).Therefore, the efficient financial management mechanism for ICT infrastructure development is the important measure for the country.To order to adequately support G2B e-Services through the concrete and comprehensive legal framework, more coordination and cooperation which are more openly discussion about the obstacles between Ministries who are involved in enacting laws, rules, regulation and policy making process, are needed.In addition in order to adequately support G2B e-Services implementation in the investment related ministries through the financial assistance, more public-private partnership projects and prioritizing the essential project are also suggested to the government agencies.Moreover, providing required training to officials/staffs for the long run to have well understanding of the importance and significant of e-government is also important, and the agencies should keep continuous effort for the capacity building measures in digital transformation process for sustainable G2B e-Services development.
In summary, this study provides G2B services government agencies and policy makers with a practical and communicable checklist of technological, organizational and environmental factors, which are seamlessly integrated that should be considered as cornerstone for any G2B e-Service implementation project.This study accesses the status of G2B e-Government services development of all 30 government ministries in Myanmar.It is expected to be used as a benchmark tool to measure e-Government development, build government's capacity, provide policy recommendations and share good practices from around the G2B e-Service provider agencies in Myanmar.

Table 1 :
Challenges Facing of E-Government Services Implementation

Challenges facing of e-Government Service Implementation References
e. officials from Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry of Information, Ministry of Agricultural, Livestock and Irrigation, Ministry of Transport and Communication, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation, Ministry of Electric Power, Ministry of Energy, Ministry of Industry, Ministry of Health and Sport, Ministry of Construction, Ministry of Investment and Foreign Economic Relations, Ministry of Commerce, Ministry of Planning and Finance, Ministry of Rural and Cooperative Development, Ministry of Hotels and Tourism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Yangon City Development Committee, Central Bank of Myanmar)

Table 2 :
The Questionnaire Utilized to Explore the Challenges Faced by The Government Agencies in Implementing G2b E-Services.
Does your department have a comprehensive privacy policy that specifics citizens' right?Does your department have security policies and standards in implementing e-government services?Does your department emphasize the use of security solutions in fulfilling the security goals in e-government services?Does your department have security professionals for computer security or cyber security to respond threats and breaches?Financial Barriers FB1 FB2 Does your department have sufficient budget to provide online services and use technology?Does your department have financial issue?Organizational Barrier OB1 OB2 OB3 OB4 Rate the management support of your department adopting and implementation of e-government services.Does your department collaborate and cooperate with stakeholders and private sectors to get resources, plans, skills and experiences to implement egovernment services?Does your department provide training and education programs for enhancement of e-government project?Please rate the ICT skills of your officials/staffs of your department.Social and Cultural Barrier SCB1 SCB2 SCB3 Do you accept that "the e-government implementation can cause a threat to positions and losing jobs and power of officials/staffs?Transformation from manual methods of work to electronic ones is a good process.Which option do you prefer?(Paper-based working or electronic-based working)

Table 4 :
Computer and Internet Experience of The Respondents Breeding and Veterinary Department (LBVD), (7) Department of Agriculture (DOA), (8) Department of Fisheries (DOF), (9) Environmental Conservation Department (ECD), (10) Department of Mines and Myanmar Gems Enterprises (DOM), (11) Department of Immigration (DOI), (12) Department of Labor (DOL), (13) Department of Trade (DOT), (14) Directorate of Hotels & Tourism (DHT), (15) Yangon Electricity Supply Corporation (YESC), (16) Yangon City Development Committee (YCDC), also known as One Stop Service office of Myanmar Investment Commission(MIC).It can be stated that agencies are mainly related to G2B services of providing investment business in Myanmar.Table5 and Table 6show those G2B services of MIC's One Stop Services departments, their G2B e-services availability, and website address of those services.According to the responds, 50 % of MIC-OSS departments are providing G2B e-services.
According to the respondents, under the total 30 Ministries, 17 ministries are key organizations that related to G2B services, and there are around 188 government departments are functioning in Myanmar.Among them, the following department are cooperation as Myanmar Investment Commission's one stop service office (MIC-OSS) in order to provide one stop services for investment business to start a business in Myanmar: (1) Directorate of Investment and Company Administration (DICA), (2) Fire Services Department (FSD), (3) Customs Department (CD), (4) Internal Revenue Department (IRD), (5) Directorate of Industrial Supervision and Inspection (DISI), (6) Livestock,

Table 5 :
G2b Services of Mic Oss Office and Their G2b E-Services Availability

Table 6
show that the successful well-functioning G2B e-services in Myanmar for applying e-Visa Application, Online Tax Payment, SME member registration, applying Import/Export License, company registration certificate, import/export license, etc,.

Table 7 :
Mean and Scale Reliability of Each Construct

Table 8 :
Results of Questionnaire Processing Related to Ict Infrastructure Barrier

Table 9 :
ICT Infrastructure Barriers

Table 10 :
Results of Questionnaire Processing Related to Legal and Regulatory Barrier

Table 11 :
Legal and Regulatory BarrierDoes your department have a comprehensive Legal and regulatory framework to implement e-Government service?Rate legal and policy issues in your department to implement e-services.

Table 12 :
Results of Questionnaire Processing Related to Privacy and Security Issue

Table 13 :
Results of Questionnaire Processing Related to Privacy and Security Issue

Table 14 :
Results of Questionnaire Processing Related to Financial Barrier The lower the mean value, the greater the privacy and security issue that this item is a challenge

Table 15 :
Results of Questionnaire Processing Related to Financial Barrier Does your department have sufficient budget to provide online services and to use technology?Organizational barriers were analyzed with the questionnaire described in Table

Table 16 :
Results of Questionnaire Processing That Are Related to Organizational Barrier

Table 17 :
Results of Questionnaire Processing That Are Related to Organizational Barrier Rate the management support of your department adopting and implementation of e-government services.

Table 18 :
Results of Questionnaire Processing Related to Social and Cultural Barriers

Table 19 :
Results of Questionnaire Processing Related to Social and Cultural Barrier Do you accept that "the e-government implementation can cause a threat to positions and losing jobs and power of officials/staffs?Transformation from manual methods of work to electronic ones is a good process.Among the total 30 Ministries, there are 17 Ministries (Ministry of Home Affairs (MOHA), Ministry of Planning and Finance(MOPF), Ministry of Investment and Foreign Economic Relations(MIFER), Ministry of Information(MOI), Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation (MOALI), Ministry of Cooperatives and Rural Development (MOCRD), Ministry of Transport and Communications (MOTC), Ministry of Natural Resources & Environmental Conservation (MONREC), Ministry of Electric Power (MOEP), Ministry of Energy (MOE), Ministry of Industry(MOI), Ministry of Immigration & Population(MOIP), Ministry of Labor (MOL), Ministry of Commerce (MOC), Ministry of Education (MOE), Ministry of Health & Sports (MOHS), Ministry of Construction (MOC), Ministry of Hotel & Tourism (MOHT) are key G2B services providers in Myanmar.